How to scan for open ports (security reasons) on Windows 11

Step 1: Open CMD or Command Prompt

  • Press Win + R from your keyboard > Type cmd > Click on the Enter button
cmd_1
Open CMD

Step 2: Implement the “netstat” Command

An effective tool for keeping an eye on open ports within the system and configured network connections is the netstat command to simplify. It offers comprehensive details on all open connections and system servers, such as the protocol in use, and local and international addresses to control or verify all the connection’s status.

  • Type the below command in the cmd to check the open port functions > Press Enter
netstat -an | find "LISTEN"
cmd_2
netstat
  • See the output below
TCP    0.0.0.0:135        0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
TCP    0.0.0.0:445       0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
TCP    0.0.0.0:902       0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
cmd_3
netstat list

In this case, 0.0.0.0 designates that all pre-processed network interfaces are listening on the port, which is open for the internal system server. The port number is the number that comes after the colon of the system commands (e.g., 135, 445, 3389).

Step 3: Observe the functional Process using the Port

  • Write the following command to identify which application or process is using a specific port within the system.
netstat -ano | find "LISTEN"
cmd_4
LISTEN

An extra -o flag is included with this command while processed, which shows the Process ID (PID) connected to each port manually.

  • See the output within a PID column
TCP    0.0.0.0:135        0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING      1160
TCP    0.0.0.0:445       0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING      4
  • Search and Open Task Manager > Go to Details option > See the PID column
cmd_5
LISTEN LIst

Step 4: Check Specific Port in cmd

  • You can change the implemented command to focus on a particular port if you want to see if it’s open or not within the system configuration. For instance, use this to see if port 60 is open to identify the process:
netstat -an | find ":60"
  • See the final entry below –
cmd_6
find entry
TCP    0.0.0.0:40         0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
cmd_7
find ports
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How to make your own loopback adapter for testing your switch ports

First things first you’ll need to gather the following equipment:

  • A small length of ethernet cable. Less than one foot is preferred.
  • One RJ45 connector. We recommend using one with load bars. These load bars will make the terminating process extremely easy.
  • A crimp tool, a stripping tool, and a pair of precision cutters.
  • A switch for testing.

Step one: Strip the cable

To build this loopback adapter we’re going to need to use the conductors that are inside ethernet cabling. Accessing the conductors is a simple process. Simply strip away part of the jacket. This can be an inch or two at the end of the cable or right in the middle. Once the incision is made pull away the jacket and then pull out all the conductors.

You’ll be left with 4 pairs of wires. These are the conductors that make up all patch cables. Set aside three of the pairs. Keep one pair ready for termination. We’ll be using the white & orange pair.

Step Two: Line up the conductors

A standard ethernet connection uses 4 pins to complete the connection. Pins 1 & 2 are used for sending while pins 3 & 6 are used for receiving. To set up this loopback adapter we’ll have to connect pins 1 & 3 and then 2 & 6. Trim the wires down to around 6 inches. Untwist both ends of the pairs a little bit to allow the wires to be lined up. Set the first white conductor and the first orange conductor next to each other. Then add the second white conductor next. Lastly comes the second orange conductor. You’ll have to leave enough space between this conductor and the second white conductor.

Step Three: Termination time

Now it’s time to insert these conductors into the load bar and terminate the connector. Keeping the wires lined up, slowly insert them into the load bar. Making sure the wires stay in the correct order may be slightly difficult. Once they are in the correct position push the load bar down onto the wires as far as it can go. Trim any excess wire. Insert the load bar into the connector. Use your crimp tool to crimp the RJ45 connector.

Step Four: Testing

Let’s test this thing out. Grab your switch and plug in your new loopback adapter into one of the ports. The connectivity light on the corresponding port should light up indicating a proper connection. If it does not light up check your pinout and make sure the wires are in the correct position.

It should look like this after you did every steps presented above:

Building your own loopback adapters can end up being more expensive than just buying one outright if you don’t have the equipment on hand already.

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How to create a VM (Virtual Machine) in VMWare Workstation

A virtual machine (VM) is a technology that allows you to run many operating systems simultaneously on a single piece of hardware. VMs will enable you to create a virtual environment on your computer. This environment allows you to install new software and programs without affecting the existing system.

Virtual machine software creates virtual platforms—a combination of hardware and software resources. It enables the user to run multiple operating systems on the same physical machine by partitioning the computer memory into multiple segments. This allows each virtual platform to operate independently and helps meet various application requirements.

A virtual machine does require hardware to run. However, it’s not additional hardware per se. Instead, it allocates resources from your existing hardware. For instance, the virtual machine will use part of your computer’s hard drive as storage and dedicate a portion of its RAM.

Follow the below steps to create a virtual machine using VMware Workstation:
  1. Launch VMware Workstation.
  2. Click New Virtual Machine.
  3. Select the type of virtual machine you want to create and click Next:
    • Custom: This gives you an option to create a virtual machine and choose its hardware compatibility. You can choose from Workstation 16.x, Workstation 15.x, Workstation 14.x .
    • Typical: This creates a virtual machine which has the same hardware version as the version of Workstation you are using. If you are using Workstation 16.x, it creates a virtual machine with hardware version 16. If you are using Workstation 15.x a virtual machine with hardware version 15 is created.
  5. Click Next.
  6. Select your guest operating system (OS), then click Next. You can install the OS using:
    • An installer disc (CD/DVD)
    • An installer disc image file (ISO)
  7. Click Next
  8. Enter your Product Key
  9. Create a user name and password
  10. Click Next
  11. Enter a virtual machine name and specify a location for virtual machine files to be saved, click Next
  12. Establish the virtual machine’s disk size, select whether to store the virtual disk as a single file or split the virtual disk into 2GB files, click Next.
  13. Verify the other configuration settings for your virtual machine:
    • Memory – change the amount of memory allocated to the virtual machine
    • Processors – change the number of processors, number of cores per processor, and the virtualization engine
    • CD / DVD – with advanced settings where you can choose between SCSI, IDE
    • Network adapter – configure it to bridge, NAT, or Host-only mode, or customize where you can choose between 0 to 9 adapters
    • USB Controller
    • Sound card
    • Display – enable 3D graphics.
  14. Click Finish
  15. When the virtual machine is powered on, the VMware Tools installation starts. You are prompted to restart your virtual machine once the Tools installation completes.
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How to create a Multiboot USB

A multi -boot USB flash unit is a versatile tool that allows you to boot multiple ISO files from a device. It can store multiple operating systems, diagnostic tools and public service programs in one place, making it incredibly useful for IT professionals and technology enthusiasts. This configuration simplifies the management and repair of different systems, allowing quick access to various tools without the need for separate units. With a multi -boot USB flash unit, you can easily alternate between operating systems, perform diagnostics and access recovery tools, providing a convenient and efficient way to keep your systems running smoothly.

ISO files, also known as ISO images, are files that contain all the installation files needed for a specific program. These files are essentially digital copies of installation CDs or DVDs. Large software, such as Windows or Linux, are available as ISO files and are crucial to creating a multi-fold USB Flash unit. When using ISO files, you can install or repair operating systems without physical discs. This is especially useful in situations where you need to access multiple operating or utility systems quickly and efficiently. The ability to store and use multiple ISO files on a single USB unit enhances its flexibility and preparation in problem solving and system management.

How to create a USB or Flash MultiBoot unit

The first consideration and the most important factor is the storage capacity of your USB flash unit. Make sure your Flash unit has enough space to accommodate all ISO files you want to load. Usually, a USB unit with at least 8 GB of storage is recommended, although larger units (16 GB or more) offer more flexibility to include multiple operational systems and tools. In addition, opting for a high quality USB unit with good reading/recording speeds will increase performance and reliability. Secondly, to prepare your USB flash unit for use, you will need to form it.

Formatting cleans all existing data in the unit and defines it as bootable. Be sure to back up important or sentimental files before formatting, as this process will erase everything in the unit. Choose the appropriate file system format (eg FAT32 or NTFS) based on the software you plan to use and ISO file size.

How to create and use a Multi-Boot USB Flash Drive

A multi-boot USB flash drive is an incredibly useful tool for managing and repairing different systems. It allows you to load and boot multiple ISO files from a single device, making it easier to handle various tasks like installing operating systems, running diagnostics, and accessing recovery tools. Here’s how you can create a multi-boot USB flash drive using different tools from the most popular options:

YUMI (Your Universal Multiboot Installer) is a free tool that simplifies the creation of bootable USB drives. It is primarily designed for Linux distributions but can also be used for other programs.

  1. Download YUMI
    Start by downloading the YUMI application from its official website. The installation process is straightforward.
  2. Insert the USB Drive and Launch YUMI
    Connect the USB drive you plan to use. Open YUMI to start the process.
  3. Select Your Flash Drive
    In YUMI, under Step 1, choose your USB drive from the dropdown menu to specify where the bootable files will be installed.
  4. Choose the ISO File
    Under Step 2, select the ISO file you want to add to your flash drive. Click ‘Browse,’ locate the ISO file, and click ‘Open.’
  5. Create the Bootable USB
    Review your selections and click ‘Create’ to initiate the process. YUMI will format the USB drive and copy the necessary files.
  6. Add More ISO Files
    After the initial creation, you can add more ISO files if needed. Click ‘Yes’ and repeat the process for additional files.

Using SARDU

SARDU (Shardana Antivirus Rescue Disk Utility) supports both Linux and Windows environments for creating multiboot USB drives and DVDs. Note that the Linux version of SARDU does not support Windows ISOs.

  1. Download SARDU
    Obtain SARDU from its official site and install it. Navigate to your downloads folder to find and start the program.
  2. Agree to the License Agreement
    Accept the license agreement to proceed with the setup.
  3. Register and Choose ISO Sources
    Register for a SARDU account if necessary. Decide whether to use ISO files from the SARDU database or upload your own.
  4. Select ISO Files
    Tick the boxes for the ISO files you wish to load onto your USB drive, including operating systems and other tools.
  5. Prepare the USB Drive
    Insert your USB stick into your computer. Choose your USB drive from the drop-down menu at the top right, then click the large USB icon to start creating the bootable drive.

Using WinSetupFromUSB

WinSetupFromUSB is a versatile tool that supports creating a multiboot USB drive compatible with various operating systems.

  1. Download and Install the Program
    Download WinSetupFromUSB from its official website and install it on your computer.
  2. Insert Your USB Drive
    Plug your USB drive into your computer. It should be automatically detected by the program.
  3. Select ISO Files
    Choose the ISO files you want to add to your USB drive. You can select multiple files based on your USB drive’s capacity.
  4. Create the Multiboot USB
    After selecting the ISO files, click ‘Go.’ WinSetupFromUSB will format the USB drive and copy the files to create a multiboot setup.

To boot your system using the multiboot USB flash drive, follow these steps:

Choose the Operating System or Tool
Once the USB drive loads, you’ll see a menu of available ISO files. Select the operating system or tool you want to use and proceed with booting.

Insert the USB Drive
Connect your multi-boot USB flash drive to a USB port on your computer before powering it on.

Access the Boot Menu
When your computer starts, immediately access the boot menu. This is usually done by pressing a key such as F12, F2, ESC, or DEL, depending on your computer’s manufacturer.

Select the USB Drive
From the boot menu, choose your USB drive as the boot device and initiate the boot process.

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Cum configurezi HP Color LaserJet M283fdw in retea, prin cablu

Initializare imprimanta:

  1. Trebuie sa conectezi un cablu de alimentare la o priza functional, apoi ai nevoie de un cablu de date cu acces la internet.
  2. Acum va trebui sa pui cateva foi si sa apesi pe butonul de Power On/Off
  3. Dupa initializare, vei selecta limba si locatia
  4. La final, la “Default Settings” vei selecta “Self Managed“, dupa care “Yes“.
  5. Verifici ca ai curent si link pe portul ethernet din spatele imprimantei, respectiv switch/router.

Instalare drivere/software HP:

1.Intri pe oricare motor de cautare folosesti si scrii “HP M283fdw drivers”

2. Sunt doua modalitati: fie instalezi doar pachetul de drivere (“HP Color LaserJet Pro MFP M283cdw/M283fdw Printer Full Software Solution”, fie instalezi software-ul HP (“HP Easy Start Printer Setup Software (Internet connection required for driver installation)“). Recomand software-ul, e mult mai simplu si mai rapid (indiferent daca prin retea/Wi-Fi/USB).

3. Rulezi cu drepturi de Administrator fie software-ul, fie pachetul de drivere selectat.

Configurare imprimanta pentru retea (cablu/Wifi):

  1. Acum va trebui sa ii dai un IP static, Subnet Mask si un Default Gateway
  2. Intri in meniul touchscreen al imprimantei, te duci jos la “Network Setup” > “IPv4 config method”
  3. Selectezi “Manual” si acum trebuie sa ii dai un IP (verifici mai intai ca este liber pentru a nu face conflict cu un alt IP folosit de alt device), Subnet Mask si Default Gateway (IP-ul privat al router-ului/switch-ului cu care iesi la internet).
  4. Acum ca ai toate acestea configurate corect, poti adauga imprimanta foarte usor prin IP-ul privat pe care l-ai pus la pasul urmatorul din “Printers & scanners“.

Configurare Scan-to-Email:

  1. Poti configura functii precum “Scan-to-Email” din interfata web a imprimantei
  2. Intri in orice browser si in bara de search pur si simplu scrii IP-ul privat pe care l-ai pus imprimantei (de ex: 192.168.1.100) si vei fi redirectionat catre interfata web.
  3. In meniul de sus vei selecta “Scan“:

4. Din meniul din stanga selectezi “Scan-to-Email setup” > “Outgoing E-mail Profiles“.

5. Selectezi “New” si acum esti in pagina de configurare.

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Cum pornesti PC-ul de la distanta (in afara LAN-ului) prin Port Forwarding si WOL Magic Packets

Inainte de toate, trebuie sa verificam unele setari de la placa de retea si din bios. Placa de retea trebuie sa suporte Wake on Lan, majoritatea placilor de retea integrate pe placa de baza suporta Wake On Lan, placile de retea pe pci nu prea suporta asa ceva din cauza nivelului scazut de optiuni (datorita reducerii costurilor).

Wake On Lan este o problema pentru conexiunile cu IP static, dar problemele intervin atunci cand vorbim de IP-uri dinamice. Problema cu IP-ul dinamic este ca atunci cand opresti computerul conexiunea se pierde, dar am gasit o rezolvare la aceasta problema prin folosirea unui router impreuna cu un subdomeniu de la DynDns.

Multe routere au suport pentru Dynamic Dns, adica sunt capabile sa updateze IP-ul si sa-l trimita serverului DynDns de cate ori acesta se schimba, astfel nu mai trebuie sa ducem grija IP-ului dinamic. In afara de asta avem avantajul unui domeniu gratuit de genul : “nume.homeip.net” unde, in loc de “nume”, puteti trece orice va trece prin minte.

Dupa ce ati rezolvat-o cu setarile din router de la rubrica Dynamic Dns trebuie sa faceti un Virtual Server sau Port Forwarding pentru Ip-ul computerului pe care dorim sa-l trezim, chiar daca avem doar un singur PC tot trebuie facut Port Forwarding pentru portul “9” pe protocolul “UDP”. IP-ul pentru care trebuie facut Virtual Server (port forwarding) trebuie sa arate cam asa: 192.168……

Aplicatia pe care o vom folosi este foarte simplu de folosit, pur si simplu o instalam si o lansam, trebuie sa stim IP-ul computerului pe care vrem sa-l trezim si MAC-ul placii de retea, in cazul celor cu IP dinamic va trebuie Domeniul creat prin DynDns si deasemenea, MAC-ul placii de retea dupa care apasam pe butonul SEND.

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How to view e-mail headers in Outlook

An email message internet header provides a list of technical details about the message, such as who sent it, the software used to compose it, and the email servers that it passed through on its way to the recipient. Most of the time, only an administrator will need to view internet headers for a message.

View message headers in classic Outlook

  1. Double-click an email message to open it outside of the Reading Pane in classic Outlook for Windows.
  2. Click File > Properties.
  3. Header information appears in the Internet headers box.

Tip: You can highlight the information in that box, press Ctrl+C to copy, and paste it into Notepad or Word to see the entire header at once.

  1. Select More actions  More actions button at the top of the message window.Screenshot of the More actions button
  2. Select View > View message source.

Find the sender’s address

  1. Scroll down in the Message source until you find the From field.
  2. Highlight the email address enclosed within < > and right-click to Copy.
  3. Use this email address to block the sender. Read how to block or unblock senders.

View message headers in new Outlook

  1. Select More actions  More actions button at the top of the message window
  2. Select View > View message details.

Find the sender’s address in new Outlook

  1. Scroll down in the Message details until you find the From field.
  2. Highlight the email address enclosed within < > and right-click to Copy.
  3. Use this email address to block the sender. Read how to block or unblock senders.

For legal purposes, various email forensic experts, lawyers, detectives, and government officers want to analyze the Outlook email header. After that, they can find a way of solving some specific cybercrime cases.

Email headers are the most trustworthy source of any email stored on servers as well as local computers. After examining the Outlook email header users can easily get crucial information i.e., Email Route, and Contacts.

  • Identifying the route of emails
  • Avoiding attacks from abroad
  • Setting up an email campaig.
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How to add M.2 NVMe SSDs to your older motherboard

M.2 is the interface with which SSDs are connected to the motherboard and was first introduced in 2012 for SATA M.2 or mSATA. The M.2 interface connected data through either SATA, USB, and now PCIe lanes as opposed to the more common SATA connection to connect your HDDs and SSDs to the motherboard.

Because M.2 is able to connect your SSDs through the PCIe lanes it can take advantage of extremely high speeds as shown in our table above. With the addition of PCIe being a very important technology not just in data storage, newer generations are being developed to accelerate the throughput of this technology.

Modern motherboards have an M.2 slot built in. However, if your motherboard does not have M.2 or you want extra NVMe data storage you can purchase a PCIe to M.2 expansion card to add additional M.2 slots to your PC.

ATX motherboards have ample M.2 slots, but if you have a small form factor mATX motherboard (usually only sporting 1 M.2 slot), adding additional M.2 slots via a PCIe to M.2 expansion card is a great choice for adding high-speed data storage.

PCIe Generation

All PCIe Generations slots and M.2 slots are backward compatible, so there is no need to worry about purchasing the wrong expansion card or NVMe SSD. However, you might want to save a buck or two by buying the correct generation expansion card and NVMe SSD according to your motherboard and PCIe slot you plan to slot it in. Below are the speeds of potential M.2 SSDs depending on generation.

  • PCIe Gen 3 M.2 SSDs deliver read speeds of about 3500 MB/s.
  • PCIe Gen 4 M.2 SSDs deliver read speeds of about 7200 MB/s.
  • PCIe Gen 5 M.2 SSDs (being tested right now) deliver read speeds of over 10000 MB/s!

PCIe Size and Lanes

PCIe size is an important factor because it determines whether or not you will actually have space for an expansion card. While there are a variety of sizes and combinations available, most users will only meet four basic sizes.

The number of direct connections available by a PCIe slot or card is represented by the size. M.2 NVMe SSDs require 4 PCIe lanes to operate.

  • PCIe x1: a single PCIe lane does not support the M.2 interface]
  • PCIe x4: M.2 NVMe SSDs occupy a single x4 slot]
  • PCIe x8: expansion cards with 2 M.2 SSDs will need to use this slot]
  • PCIe x16: your motherboard often has a primary x16 slot for GPUs and additional x16 slots. 16 PCIe lanes can support an expansion card with 4 additional M.2 NVMe SSDs. Be sure to have enough clearance and ample airflow for your hardworking GPU.

Lower PCIe lane cards can fit in higher slots; a PCIe x4 card and a PCIe x8 card can fit in a PCIe x16 slot, so there is no need to buy a PCIe x16 slot M.2 to PCIe expansion card if you don’t need all 4 M.2 slots.

Here are some great choices:

1. ASUS HYPER M.2 X16 GEN 4 Card M.2 to PCIe 4.0 Expansion Card – [PCIe 4.0 x16 to 4x M.2 Slots]

2. ASUS HYPER M.2 X16 Card V2 M.2 to PCIe 3.0 Expansion Card – [PCIe 3.0 x16 to 4x M.2 Slots]

3. SIIG SC-M20014-S1 M.2 NGFF SSD PCIe 3.0 Expansion Card Adapter – [PCIe 3.0 x4 to 1x M.2 Slots]

HDD vs. SSD vs. NVMe SSD

HDDs are the oldest form of data storage of the bunch and have the slowest read speeds at 150MB/s. SATA SSDs are a step up with speeds at about 500 MB/s. NVMe SSDs currently have speeds upwards of 3500 MB/s with more technology on the horizon.

Here’s a more comprehensive table of the comparisons

Hard Drive HDD SATA SSD NVMe SSD
Interface SATA III SATA III PCIe Gen 3, 4, & 5 (soon), NVMe
Read Speed up to 150 MB/s up to 600 MB/s PCIe Gen 3: 3500 MB/s

PCIe Gen 4: 6000 MB/s

PCIe Gen 5: 10000 MB/s (projected)
Mainstream Capacities up to 18TBs up to 8TB up to 4TB
Hot Swap Capable Yes Yes Not M.2, Yes U.2
Form Factor 3.5” Drive 2.5” Drive or M.2 Slot M.2 Slot or U.2 (enterprise)
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Cum testezi performanta placii tale video (GPU)

In majoritatea cazurilor nu vei avea nevoie de acest test, ePOS-urile/laptop-urile de munca nu au placa video dedicata. Acest test poate fi aplicat in cazul statiilor/laptop-urilor colegilor de la Design, de exemplu, sau alte departamente cu statii High-End.

  1. Descarci Superposition Benchmark de pe site-ul oficial.

  1. Intre timp, intri in Display settings > Advanced display > aici vei gasi rezolutia monitorului (ne va trebui la urmatorul pas).

Ca o buna practica, pe fiecare statie (mai ales cele high-end), asigura-te ca la “Choose a refresh rate” este mereu setat pe cea mai mare valoare: se intampla foarte des sa vezi statii cu monitoare de 240,360 Hz care ruleaza pe 60 Hz si se pierde performanta.

  1. Deschidem aplicatia Superposition

La “Preset” punem rezolutia pe care am aflat-o la punctul .2.

De ex.: 1920×1080 = 1080p. La 1080p avem 3 “trepte”: Medium/High/Extreme

Vom selecta “treapta” in functie de specificatiile statiei. De ex.: la o statie High-End cu cele mai performante piese de pe piata cu o resolutie de 2560×1440 (1440p) vom pune 1440p Extreme.

La final vei primi un scor pe care il poti compara online cu alte statii similare ca si specificatii (asa iti vei da seama daca placa video este in parametrii, pe langa ce indica temperaturile); vei primi temperatura minima si maxima pe durata testului si “GPU usage” care va fi mereu 100% (acesta este scopul testului).

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How to install the correct drivers for TP-Link WN722N on Kali Linux

TP-Link WN722N is a budget-friendly Wi-Fi adapter with Monitor&Packet injection capabilities for pen-testing enthusiasts, but if you don’t install the correct drivers you would not have acces to these tools.

Bellow are the steps to clean-install the correct drivers.

Step1:- Open Terminal and run update command.

sudo apt update

Step2:- Now run upgrade command.

sudo apt upgrade -y

Step3:- Now run the command to install the drivers.

sudo apt install realtek-rtl8188eus*

Step4:- Now run the following command to enable monitor mode.

sudo airmon-ng start wlan0

Step5:- Lets check if injection is enabled by running following command.

sudo aireplay -ng — test wlan0

Now, bellow are the steps for updating the already installed drivers (if it is the case) to activate those 2 features. Use these commands to get the adapter working on Kali for packet injection and monitoring:

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install bc
sudo apt-get install build-essential 
sudo apt-get install libelf-dev

If the below command shows errors try “sudo apt dist-upgrade” and execute the given below command

sudo apt-get install linux-headers-`uname -r`
sudo apt install dkms
sudo rmmod r8188eu.ko
git clone https://github.com/aircrack-ng/rtl8188eus
cd rtl8188eus
sudo -i
echo "blacklist r8188eu" > "/etc/modprobe.d/realtek.conf"
exit
sudo reboot
sudo apt update
cd rtl8188eus
sudo make
sudo make install
sudo modprobe 8188eu

To enable Monitor mode and test packet injection:

sudo ifconfig wlan0 down
sudo airmon-ng check kill
sudo iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor
sudo ifconfig wlan0 up
iwconfig                             
sudo aireplay-ng --test wlan0
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