Securitate

Securitate 54 Solutii

Cum detectam si eliminam o alerta de virus falsa?

Cu siguranță ați auzit un avertisment că dispozitivul dumneavoastră este infectat cu un virus periculos. Apare de nicăieri, cu un mesaj alarmant care te îndeamnă să acționezi imediat. Dar este real sau doar o capcană? Aceste alerte false încearcă să vă păcălească să descărcați programe malware sau să partajați informații personale.

Alertele false de viruși sunt una dintre cele mai frecvente capcane de pe internet. Acestea apar brusc pe ecran cu mesaje alarmante, cum ar fi “Dispozitivul tău este infectat” sau “Pericol: malware detectat”. Scopul lor este să vă sperie să faceți click pe un link, să descărcați un presupus antivirus sau să partajați informații personale.

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How to encrypt your home Internet traffic for enhanced security

1. Use a VPN (Virtual Private Network)

One of the most effective ways to encrypt your home internet traffic is by using a VPN (Virtual Private Network). A VPN encrypts all the data sent between your device and the VPN server, protecting it from prying eyes.

  • How it works: When you connect to the internet via a VPN, all your internet traffic is first routed through the VPN server. The data is encrypted before it leaves your device, ensuring that any intermediary (like your Internet Service Provider or public Wi-Fi networks) cannot see or access your online activities. Once the traffic reaches the VPN server, it’s decrypted and sent to its destination.

  • Why use a VPN: VPNs provide encryption that protects your browsing, online communications, and any sensitive data you transmit. They are particularly useful when using public or unsecured networks, like Wi-Fi in cafes or airports. A VPN also masks your IP address, making it harder for websites or malicious actors to track your online activity.

  • Choosing the right VPN: It’s essential to select a reputable VPN provider that offers strong encryption protocols like AES-256 (Advanced Encryption Standard) and uses modern VPN protocols like OpenVPN or WireGuard. Avoid free VPN services, as they may compromise your privacy by logging your data or using weaker encryption.

2. Enable HTTPS Everywhere

While a VPN provides encryption at the network level, HTTPS encrypts data on the application layer. To ensure your traffic is encrypted while browsing, you should always use HTTPS websites whenever possible.

  • What is HTTPS?: HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is an extension of HTTP that encrypts the communication between your browser and the website’s server using SSL/TLS protocols. This ensures that the data exchanged between your device and the website is secure from hackers and third parties.

  • How to ensure HTTPS: Most modern browsers, such as Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox, will automatically try to connect to websites using HTTPS if available. You can also use browser extensions like HTTPS Everywhere to force websites to use HTTPS even if you manually type “http://” in the address bar.

3. Use DNS over HTTPS (DoH) or DNS over TLS (DoT)

The DNS (Domain Name System) is responsible for translating website addresses (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses that your device can connect to. By default, DNS queries are sent in plaintext, meaning that anyone with access to your network can see which websites you’re visiting.

  • DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT) are encryption protocols that protect your DNS queries by sending them through encrypted channels. This means that your DNS traffic is secured and hidden from anyone monitoring your network.

  • How to enable DoH/DoT: You can configure your router or device to use DNS servers that support DoH or DoT, such as those provided by Cloudflare (1.1.1.1) or Google DNS (8.8.8.8). Some operating systems and browsers, like Firefox and Android, offer built-in support for DNS over HTTPS.

4. Encrypt Your Wi-Fi Network

If you’re encrypting your internet traffic, it’s important to ensure your home Wi-Fi network is secure as well. A weak or open Wi-Fi network can be an entry point for attackers to intercept your traffic.

  • Set up strong Wi-Fi encryption: Make sure your Wi-Fi is encrypted using the latest security protocols, such as WPA3 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 3). If your router only supports WPA2, it’s still secure but less robust than WPA3. Avoid using outdated protocols like WEP, which is vulnerable to attacks.

  • Change default passwords: Many routers come with default usernames and passwords that are easy to guess. Change these immediately to something more secure, and consider enabling the router’s firewall for additional protection.

5. Use Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)

Although 2FA doesn’t directly encrypt your internet traffic, it adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts, ensuring that even if someone intercepts your traffic, they cannot easily access your accounts.

  • How it works: With 2FA enabled, logging into an online service requires not only your username and password but also a secondary piece of information (such as a code sent to your phone or an authentication app). This means that even if your login details are exposed, attackers will still need the second factor to access your account.

  • Enable 2FA: Enable 2FA on important accounts such as email, banking, and social media services. Most major online platforms, including Google, Facebook, and Apple, offer 2FA as a security feature.

6. Keep your Devices and Software Updated

Regularly updating your operating system, software, and firmware ensures that your devices are protected from known vulnerabilities. Many updates include patches for security flaws that could be exploited by attackers to bypass encryption or intercept your traffic.

  • How to stay updated: Set your devices to automatically update or check for updates regularly. This ensures that you’re always protected with the latest security patches.
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How encrypted is the traffic in the WWW environment?

1. HTTP vs. HTTPS: The Basics of Web Traffic Encryption

  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): In the past, most websites relied on HTTP, which transmits data in plaintext, meaning that sensitive information can be intercepted and read by third parties. This is a serious vulnerability, especially on unsecured networks.

  • HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Today, the majority of websites have moved to HTTPS, a secure version of HTTP. HTTPS uses SSL/TLS encryption to protect the data being transmitted between the user’s browser and the website’s server. This means that, with HTTPS, your data is encrypted, ensuring confidentiality and reducing the risk of interception.

2. SSL/TLS Encryption: How it Works

  • SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer/Transport Layer Security) encryption is the backbone of HTTPS. When you visit a website with HTTPS, the connection is secured using a cryptographic protocol that encrypts data in transit. This makes it much harder for anyone, including hackers, to eavesdrop on your traffic.

  • The encryption process relies on public and private keys: the server sends its public key to the browser, which encrypts the data, and only the server can decrypt it with its private key. This ensures that the data remains secure during transmission.

3. The State of SSL/TLS Implementation

While SSL/TLS encryption is generally considered secure, its effectiveness depends on how it is implemented. Websites that use outdated versions of SSL or improperly configured certificates can still be vulnerable to attacks. For instance, some older SSL versions are known to have security flaws that can be exploited. It’s important for websites to implement the latest version of TLS (currently TLS 1.2 or 1.3) to ensure the highest level of security.

4. End-to-End Encryption (E2E): A Higher Level of Protection

  • End-to-End Encryption (E2E) ensures that only the sender and the recipient can access the data, meaning that even the service provider or the server handling the data cannot read it. This type of encryption is commonly used in messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Signal, where protecting the confidentiality of messages is critical.

  • However, in the context of web browsing, end-to-end encryption is not always implemented. HTTPS encrypts traffic between your browser and the server, but the server itself may still have access to your data. This makes E2E encryption particularly important for applications that handle sensitive personal information.

5. VPNs and Encryption on Public Networks

  • When using a VPN (Virtual Private Network), your data is encrypted between your device and the VPN server. This adds an extra layer of security, especially on public Wi-Fi networks, where eavesdropping is more likely.

  • Once the traffic passes through the VPN server and enters the internet, the level of encryption depends on the HTTPS protocol of the websites you visit. If you’re on a website that doesn’t use HTTPS, the data remains unencrypted, even if you’re using a VPN.

6. Risks and Limitations

  • Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Despite the encryption provided by HTTPS, websites that are not properly secured or that use outdated certificates are still vulnerable to Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attacks, where an attacker intercepts and alters communications between the user and the server.

  • Weak Encryption: Not all websites implement strong encryption. Some use outdated protocols or weak configurations, which can leave traffic susceptible to decryption by attackers.

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Diferente intre HTTP si HTTPS

Principala diferență dintre HTTP și HTTPS este securitatea:

  1. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

    • Este un protocol de comunicare folosit pentru transferul de date între browser și server.
    • Datele sunt transmise în format text și nu sunt criptate.
    • Este vulnerabil la atacuri precum interceptarea datelor sau atacurile de tip “man-in-the-middle”.

  2. HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)

    • Este o versiune securizată a HTTP, care folosește SSL/TLS pentru criptarea datelor.
    • Asigură confidențialitatea și integritatea datelor transmise între utilizator și server.
    • Este recomandat pentru site-uri care colectează informații sensibile, cum ar fi parole, date bancare sau informații personale.
    • Apare un lacăt în bara de adrese a browserului, indicând că conexiunea este securizată.

Pe scurt, HTTPS este mai sigur decât HTTP și este recomandat pentru orice site care manipulează date sensibile.

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How to change the Default Admin URL in Magento 2

Method 1: Change Admin URL via env.php

  1. Open the file:
    bash
    nano app/etc/env.php
  2. Find this section:
    php
    'backend' => [
    'frontName' => 'admin'
    ],
  3. Change 'admin' to your desired custom path, e.g., 'custom-admin':
    php
    'backend' => [
    'frontName' => 'custom-admin'
    ],
  4. Save and close the file (CTRL + X, then Y, then Enter).
  5. Flush Magento cache:
    php bin/magento cache:flush

Now, your admin panel will be accessible at:

arduino
https://yourdomain.com/custom-admin

Method 2: Change Admin URL via CLI

Run the following command:

bash
php bin/magento setup:config:set --backend-frontname="custom-admin"
php bin/magento cache:flush

This will update the admin URL to:

arduino
https://yourdomain.com/custom-admin

Method 3: Block Access to Default /admin in .htaccess or nginx

For Apache, edit .htaccess:

apache
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} ^/admin [NC]
RewriteRule ^ - [L,R=404]

For Nginx, add this to your server block:

nginx
location /admin {
deny all;
return 404;
}

Restart the web server:

sudo systemctl restart apache2 # For Apache
sudo systemctl restart nginx # For Nginx
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