Soluții

O metoda de vizualizare a valorii frecventelor orizontale si verticale de reimprospatare a imaginii in Windows

Daca avem nevoie de setarea unei rezolutii cu anumiti parametri (sau frecvente foarte specifice) si vrem sa ne asiguram ca acestea sunt aplicate, nu ne putem baza intotdeauna pe valorile raportate de windows sau de driverul video. De asemenea, acestea de obicei nu furnizeaza detalii precise despre parametrii rezolutiei actuale.

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How to play Classic Pokémon Games on your Smartphone

An emulator is a piece of software that replicates a different piece of hardware or another piece of software. They’re especially common when it comes to gaming because you can use emulators to mimic older games consoles—like a Game Boy or even a Nintendo DS—on newer hardware.

For example, this is exactly how the Nintendo Switch Online service lets you play classic games from the NES, N64, and other consoles on a Nintendo Switch, by emulating those consoles. It’s also how you can play classic games like Pokémon, The Legend of Zelda, or Super Mario Bros on your smartphone.

Despite the fact that Nintendo has pressured some emulators, like Yuzu, into closure, it’s perfectly legal to download, install, and use emulators. When emulator developers get in trouble, it’s typically down to how they marketed their emulator or because they used directly copied the code of the original hardware instead of recreating it.

In fact, using an emulator can offer a wealth of benefits over the original hardware thanks to the modern quality of life features they normally include. For instance, most emulators let you save at any point, increase or decrease the speed of the game, install hacks and mods, and even alter the display to mimic different screen types. That’s not even mentioning the fact that you can get many emulators completely free and run them right from your phone.

One downside to running emulators on smartphones, though, is that you’ll need to use touchscreen controls to play games. This isn’t too much of an issue with turn-based titles like Pokémon, where timing isn’t important. But you still might prefer to get a smartphone controller like the Backbone One or other smartphone controllers for a more tactile and comfortable experience.

There are tons of emulators available for Android devices, but my recommendation if you want to play classic titles is to download One Emulator from the Google Play Store. This lets you emulate Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS titles for free, which will cover you for all the best 2D and semi-3D Pokémon games from Red & Blue up to Black & White 2.

If you want more emulation options—and a better app experience—go with RetroArch instead. The only catch here is that you can’t always download it from the Play Store, depending on your Android version, so you may need to manually install the app from the RetroArch website instead.

Apple finally allowed emulators on the iPhone App Store in 2024 and there are now several options to choose from. However, if your aim is to play Pokémon or other classic Nintendo consoles, I recommend Delta.

Delta is a clean, polished, and simple-to-use emulator that focuses on Nintendo consoles, combining emulators for NES, SNES, N64, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS into one sleek package. It’s got everything you need to replay all the best Pokémon titles from Red & Blue up to Black & White 2.

If you want an emulator with even more options, then definitely check out RetroArch instead. This still includes all the Nintendo consoles listed above, but combines them with a range of other platforms from Atari to Commodore to PlayStation and more.

Emulators cover the hardware we’re aiming to replicate, like the Game Boy or Nintendo DS handheld consoles, but we still need some Pokémon games to run in those emulators. That’s where ROMs come in: these are digital game files with the code from the original cartridge or disc in them.

So, when you load a ROM file into your emulator of choice, the game will boot up, just like when you put the Game Boy cartridge into the back of the handheld and flick on the Power switch.

The issue with ROMs is that they aren’t always legal in the way that emulators are. It’s definitely illegal to download or distribute ROMs for games you don’t own. However, creating or downloading ROMs for games you already own falls into a gray area, as some claim it may be protected by fair use as a form of archival. Nevertheless, Nintendo takes a firm stance against even these use cases of ROMs.

With all that said, you’ll need to get your hands on some ROM files for whatever Pokémon games you already own that you want to play in your smartphone emulator.

Once you’ve gotten hold of some ROMs, add them to the file manager on your iPhone or Android. I create a dedicated ROMs folder and put all the files in here.

Finally, open the settings for your emulator of choice and look for an option to select a ROMs folder. Pick the folder with all your ROM files in it and hey presto, you should see all your games in the emulator library ready to boot up at your pleasure.

If you’ve played the classic Pokémon games a million times already, the novelty of playing them on your phone could wear off pretty quickly. Well, now that you’re emulating these games you can keep them fresh by downloading hacked ROMs to try out instead. There are all kinds of different Pokémon ROM hacks to experiment with, offering all new story lines, villain arcs, and quality of life improvements. If you really want to be the very best, you need to make sure you play ’em all.

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How to use the PIVOTBY Function in Excel

Excel’s PIVOTBY function allows you to group your figures without needing to recreate your data in a PivotTable. What’s more, data summaries created via PIVOTBY automatically update to reflect changes in your original data, and you can customize what they show by tweaking the formula.

If you already know how to use the GROUPBY function, learning to use the PIVOTBY function will be straightforward. The difference is that where GROUPBY only groups variables into rows, PIVOTBY has an additional argument that lets you also group certain variables into columns.

The PIVOTBY function lets you input a total of 11 arguments. Although this sounds daunting, the benefit of having so many arguments is that you can tailor the result to align with what you want the data to show.

However, only the first four fields are required.

Required Fields

The required PIVOTBY fields are where you tell Excel which variables you want to be displayed in rows, which variables you want to be displayed in columns, where to find the values, and how you want to aggregate your data:

=PIVOTBY(a,b,c,d)

where

  • a are the cells containing the category or categories you want to appear as row headers down the left-hand side of your result,
  • b are the cells containing the category or categories you want to appear as column headers across the top of your result,
  • c are the values that will appear in the center of your result, according to the rows and columns you selected for arguments a and b, and
  • d is the Excel function (or function you’ve created yourself through LAMBDA) that defines how the data will be aggregated.

Although arguments a and b are required for PIVOTBY to produce the type of result it was created to produce, you can omit them to group data in rows or columns only.

  • First, let me show you how to use the PIVOTBY function in its simplest form with just the four required fields.
  • Let’s say you’ve been handed this table of data named Sports_Viewers. It shows the live viewing figures (column D) for six sports (column B) across four regions (column C) over four years (column A), and you’ve been asked to generate a summary of total viewers by sport and year.
  • You could use the GROUPBY function to do this, though you would need to use optional arguments to produce a result that makes analysis easier. What’s more, since GROUPBY only sorts data into rows, you could end up with a long list of information that is difficult to interpret.
  • Instead, using the PIVOTBY function lets you take one or more of the variables and place them into columns, giving you a clearer picture of how your numbers stack up.
  • Since the PIVOTBY formula produces a dynamic spilled array, you must type its formula in an area of your spreadsheet that is not formatted as an Excel table.

To do this, in cell F1, type

=PIVOTBY(Sports_Viewers[Sport],Sports_Viewers[Year],Sports_Viewers[Viewers],SUM)

where

  • Sports_Viewers[Sport] is the named column in the named table that represents the six different sports. These will be the row headers down the left-hand side of your result.
  • Sports_Viewers[Year] represents the table’s Year column, and these will be the column headers along the top of the result.
  • Sports_Viewers[Viewers] is the column showing the number of people who have watched those sports in those years, so this data will be the focal part of the result.
  • SUM tells Excel you want the total columns to add the figures together. On the other hand, if, for example, you use AVERAGE, the result will show you the mean of those figures instead.
  • Instead of typing the table and column names in your formula (also known as structured references) manually, if you select the cells in the table using your mouse, Excel will input these for you.

  • Because of the way PIVOTBY displays and organizes the data, you can draw insights from the result straightaway. For example, you can see that data is absent for certain sports in certain years. Also, in the absence of the optional fields, Excel automatically adds totals to both the rows and columns of the PIVOTBY result, meaning you can instantly see the total viewing figures per year and per sport.
  • Without the optional arguments, Excel also sorts the result into alphabetical or ascending order by argument a, and doesn’t include column headers for argument a.
  • Now, let’s say you want to include a column that divides each sport into the four different regions. To do this, you’ll need to include both the sport and the region in argument a:
  • =PIVOTBY(Sports_Viewers[[Sport]:[Region]],Sports_Viewers[Year],Sports_Viewers[Viewers],SUM)

To group non-adjacent columns into an argument, use the CHOOSECOLS function.

This result provides more detailed insight into your data by showing each sport’s total viewing figures by region. However, because you’ve added an extra variable to argument a, to make the result clearer, you could enter some optional arguments.

  • PIVOTBY: Using the Optional Arguments
  • Whenever you create an Excel formula, each argument is separated by a comma. This means that if you want to skip over any of the optional arguments, you simply need to type a first comma to open the argument, followed by a second comma to close it. The fact that there’s nothing between these two commas tells Excel that you’ve deliberately omitted this argument, so you want the program to adopt the default setting.

Everything you need to know about Excel’s engine room.

  • Example 1: Grand Totals and Subtotals
  • One way to make the PIVOTBY result in the previous example clearer would be to add subtotal rows for each sport.
  • To do this, you need to type:
  • =PIVOTBY(Sports_Viewers[[Sport]:[Region]],Sports_Viewers[Year],Sports_Viewers[Viewers],SUM,,2)
  • Notice how, after argument d (SUM), two commas indicate that you want to jump over argument e (headers), but include argument f (in this case, 2 means that you want to include a subtotal at the bottom of each sport, as well as grand totals at the bottom of the overall result).
  • To make the data even clearer, I have used conditional formatting to color any rows in the result where column F is not blank, column G is blank, and column F doesn’t contain the words “Grand Total.” Applying direct formatting to spilled arrays is not advised, as the formatting is attached to the cells, rather than the data. This means that if the data changes, the formatting won’t change with it.

  • Example 2: Sort Order
  • Now, let’s look at another way to manipulate your result: sorting by one of the output columns.
  • Typing:
  • =PIVOTBY(Sports_Viewers[[Sport]:[Region]],Sports_Viewers[Year],Sports_Viewers[Viewers],SUM,,2,3)
  • means that, after skipping over argument e, as well as including grand totals and subtotals (number 2 in argument f), you also want to order your data by overall viewing figures in ascending order (number 3 in argument g).

Notice how sorting by total viewing figures places not only the sports in order according to their overall totals, but also the regional subcategories according to their subtotals.

  • Example 3: Percentages (PERCENTOF)
  • Here’s how to view your result using percentages.
  • Typing:
  • =PIVOTBY(Sports_Viewers[Sport],Sports_Viewers[Year],Sports_Viewers[Viewers],PERCENTOF,,,2,,,,2) tells Excel that you want the sports as the row headers (argument a), the years as the column headers (argument b), and you want to aggregate your data (argument c) in the form of percentages (argument d). The first 2 (argument g) represents the order, which, in this case, is by the values. Finally, the second 2 (argument k) tells Excel that the percentages should be relative to the overall data. The unpopulated commas tell Excel you want it to adopt the default for arguments e, f, h, i, and j.

Use the PERCENTOF Function to Simplify Percentage Calculations in Excel

Handle percentages like a pro!

  • Now, select the cells containing the decimalized results, and click the “Percent Style” icon in the Number group of the Home tab on the ribbon. While you’re there, click the “Increase Decimal” and “Decrease Decimal” buttons to define the number of decimal places.
  • Select extra rows beneath the result in case more data is added to the original table in the future.

  • Finally, take a moment to digest what this result tells you.
  • For example, the number of people watching softball in 2022 constitutes 11.5% of the overall viewing figures for all sports across all years. Also, because the data is organized by the total column in ascending order, you can see that nearly a quarter (23.7%) of the overall viewing figures came from people watching basketball.
  • As well as using SUM, AVERAGE, and PERCENTOF for the function argument in PIVOTBY, you can also use other aggregation functions, like COUNT, MIN, or MAX.
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How to use Excel’s AGGREGATE Function to Refine calculations

Before we look at some examples of the AGGREGATE function in use, let’s see how it works. The AGGREGATE function has two syntaxes—one for references and one for arrays—though you don’t need to get yourself tied up in knots over which one you’re using, as Excel selects the relevant one depending on the arguments you input. You can see both syntaxes in use when I show you some examples soon.

The Reference Form Syntax

The syntax for the reference form of the AGGREGATE function is:

=AGGREGATE(a,b,c,d)

where

  • a (required) is a number that represents the function you want to use in the calculation,
  • b (required) is a number that defines what you want the calculation to ignore,
  • c (required) is the range of cells on which the function will be applied, and
  • d (optional) is the first of up to 252 additional arguments that specify further ranges.

The Array Form Syntax

On the other hand, if you’re working with arrays, the syntax is:

=AGGREGATE(a,b,c,d)

where

  • a (required) is a number that represents the function you want to use in the calculation,
  • b (required) is a number that defines what you want the calculation to ignore,
  • c (required) is the array of values on which the function will be applied, and
  • d is the second argument required by array functions like LARGE, SMALL, PERCENTILE.INC, and others.

Functions and Exclusions (Arguments a and b)

When entering arguments a and b in either syntax form above, you’ll have various options to choose from.

The table below shows the different functions you can use in the AGGREGATE calculation (argument a). Even though you might be tempted to type the function name, remember that this argument must be a number that represents the function you want to use. Functions 1 to 13 are for use with the reference form syntax, and functions 14 to 19 are for use with the array form syntax.

Number Function What It Calculates
1 AVERAGE The arithmetic mean
2 COUNT The number of cells that contain numeric values
3 COUNTA The number of cells that are not empty
4 MAX The largest value
5 MIN The smallest value
6 PRODUCT A multiplication
7 STDEV.S The simple standard deviation
8 STDEV.P The population-based standard deviation
9 SUM An addition
10 VAR.S The simple variation
11 VAR.P The population-based variance
12 MEDIAN The middle value
13 MODE.SNGL The most frequently occurring number
14 LARGE The nth largest value
15 SMALL The nth smallest value
16 PERCENTILE.INC The nth percentile, with the first and last values included
17 QUARTILE.INC The nth quartile, with the first and last values included
18 PERCENTILE.EXC The nth percentile, with the first and last values excluded
19 QUARTILE.EXC The nth quartile, with the first and last values excluded

This table lists the numbers you can input to exclude certain values when creating your AGGREGATE formula (argument b):

Number What Is Ignored
0 Nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions
1 Hidden rows, and nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions
2 Errors, and nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions
3 Hidden rows, error values, and nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions
4 Nothing
5 Hidden rows only
6 Errors only
7 Hidden rows and errors

Now, let’s look at some examples of how you can use the AGGREGATE function in real-world scenarios.

Example 1: Using AGGREGATE to ignore errors

This Excel spreadsheet contains a list of soccer players, the number of games they’ve played, the number of goals they’ve scored, and their game-per-goal ratios. Your aim is to work out the average game-per-goal ratio for all the players combined.

If you were to use the AVERAGE function alone by typing:

=AVERAGE(Player_Goals[Games per goal])

into cell C1, this would return an error, because the referenced range contains #DIV/0! errors.

Instead, using the AGGREGATE function gives you the option to ignore these errors and return the average for the remaining data. To do this, in cell C2, you need to type:

=AGGREGATE(1,6,Player_Goals[Games per goal])

where

  • 1 (argument a) represents the AVERAGE function,
  • 6 (argument b) tells Excel to ignore errors, and
  • Player_Goals[Games per goal] is the reference.

An alternative way to achieve the same outcome would be to use the IFERROR function in column D to replace any errors with a blank value.

Example 2: Using AGGREGATE to Ignore Hidden Rows (Reference)

Using the same spreadsheet, your next target is to calculate the total number of goals the team has scored.

One way to display totals is to check “Total Row” in the Table Design tab on the ribbon, which places the totals at the bottom of the table. However, if you’re working with a large dataset, constantly scrolling down to see the totals could waste time. Instead, consider placing the totals at the top of the spreadsheet outside the formatted table, so that they’re always on display.

Specifically, you want to display two totals. The first is the overall total when you combine the goals scored by all players, but the second is the total of only the players showing in the table after you apply filters.

To calculate the overall total, in cell C1, type:

=SUM(Player_Goals[Goals scored])

Now, even after you apply a filter to one of the columns, such as displaying only the players who have played 15 games or more, the SUM formula you just applied still includes the rows that are filtered out.

This is where the AGGREATE function will save the day, as it allows your calculation to ignore rows that are filtered out. In fact, the AGGREGATE function would also work if you wanted to ignore rows you’ve hidden by right-clicking the row header and clicking “Hide.”

In cell C2, type:

=AGGREGATE(9,5,Player_Goals[Goals scored])

where

  • 9 (argument a) represents the SUM function,
  • 5 (argument b) tells Excel to ignore hidden rows, and
  • Player_Goals[Goals scored] is the reference.

Now, notice that the result of this formula differs from the result of the SUM formula you used in cell C1, because it considers only the rows on display.

​​​​Example 3: Using AGGREGATE to Ignore Hidden Rows (Array)

Next, let’s say you wanted to list the two highest goal tallies for players who have played 20 games or fewer.

You could apply the filter first and then generate your formula, but for the purposes of this demonstration, let’s create the formula first.

In cell C1, type:

=AGGREGATE(14,5,Player_Goals[Goals scored],{1;2})

where

  • 14 (argument a) represents the LARGE function,
  • 5 (argument b) tells Excel to ignore hidden rows,
  • Player_Goals[Goals scored] is the array of values, and
  • {1;2} tells Excel that you want it to return the largest (1) and second-largest values (2) on separate rows (;).

When you press Enter, notice that the result is a spilled array covering cells C1 and C2 because you told Excel to return the top two values.

Now, filter the Games Played column to include only those players who have played 20 games or fewer, and see that the result of the AGGREGATE formula you entered earlier changes to ignore the hidden rows.

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