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Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communications standard that enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network. It is designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the successful delivery of data and messages over networks.

CP/IP is composed of four layers, each of which handles a certain function in the data transmission process.

The four layers of the TCP/IP stack include the following:

• Network access layer. The network access layer, sometimes referred to as the datalink layer, manages the network infrastructure that enables computer communication over the internet. The main components include device drivers, network interface cards, ethernet connections and wireless networks.
• Internet layer. Data packet addressing, routing and fragmentation across various networks are handled by the internet layer. It makes use of the internet protocol to provide devices with distinct IP addresses and guarantee that packets reach their intended locations.
• Transport layer. This layer enables devices to communicate with each other end-to-end. By utilizing protocols such as User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and TCP, it guarantees the consistent and systematic delivery of data packets. While UDP enables quicker, connectionless communication, TCP connection delivers dependable, connection-oriented communication.
• Application layer. The topmost layer, the application layer, is in charge of providing support for certain services and applications. It covers a wide range of protocols, including File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and HTTP.

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