Networking

Switch 25 Solutii

Wireless 88 Solutii

Router/Firewall 119 Solutii

Cisco Router 33 Solutii

Fortigate 19 Solutii

Tutorial on MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a high-performance forwarding technique used in modern networks. It directs data from one node to the next based on short path labels rather than long network addresses, speeding up traffic flow and improving scalability.

How does MPLS work?

  1. When a packet enters the MPLS network (ingress router), it gets assigned a label

  2. MPLS routers (Label Switch Routers, LSRs) forward packets based on the label, not the IP header

  3. Labels are swapped at each hop according to the MPLS forwarding table

  4. At the exit router (egress), the label is removed, and the packet is forwarded based on its original IP address.

Key Concepts

  • Labels: Short fixed-length identifiers (usually 20 bits) added to packets

  • Label Edge Router (LER): Router that adds/removes labels at network edges

  • Label Switch Router (LSR): Router that forwards packets based on labels inside the MPLS network

  • Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC): Group of packets forwarded the same way.

Advantages of MPLS

  • Speed: Labels simplify and accelerate packet forwarding

  • Scalability: Supports large-scale networks efficiently

  • Traffic Engineering: Allows path control to optimize bandwidth and avoid congestion

  • Supports multiple protocols: Works with IP, ATM, Frame Relay, etc.

Basic MPLS Configuration Example (Cisco IOS)

mpls ip
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
mpls ip
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
mpls ip

Use Cases

  • Service Provider VPNs (like VPLS and L3VPN)

  • Traffic Engineering for optimized routing

  • MPLS-based QoS and fast reroute.

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Tutorial on OTV (Overlay Transport Virtualization)

OTV is a Cisco technology that extends Layer 2 networks over a Layer 3 IP network, allowing multiple data centers to appear as if they are on the same LAN even when geographically distant.

How does it work?

  1. OTV devices (usually Cisco Nexus switches) connect to the local Layer 2 network

  2. They create a virtual interface called an Overlay that carries Layer 2 frames encapsulated in IP packets (MAC-in-IP)

  3. The packets travel over the Layer 3 IP network between sites

  4. At the destination, packets are decapsulated and delivered to the local Layer 2 network.

Advantages:

  • Does not require multicast support in the IP network.

  • Avoids Layer 2 loops.

  • Supports VM mobility and disaster recovery.

Basic Cisco Nexus configuration example:

feature otv
otv site-vlan 4094
interface Overlay1
otv join-interface Ethernet1/1
otv control-group 239.1.1.1
otv data-group 239.1.1.2
no shutdown

Simple Tutorial on VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service)

What is VPLS?

VPLS is an MPLS technology that allows extending an Ethernet Layer 2 network between multiple sites over a provider’s MPLS network, so all sites behave like a single LAN.

How does it work?

  1. The customer has CE routers at each site

  2. CE routers connect to the provider’s PE routers

  3. The MPLS provider creates Layer 2 tunnels between PE routers

  4. Ethernet traffic is carried across sites as if on the same LAN.

Advantages:

  • Scalable and secure

  • Connects multiple sites into one bridged network

  • Uses MPLS for performance and control.

Basic Cisco IOS configuration example:

mpls ip
l2vpn vpls context CLIENT1
vpn id 100
bridge-group VPLS-BRG
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
xconnect vpls CLIENT1 100
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How to setup Tenda Range extender universal wireless N300,A9

Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you set up a Tenda N300 Universal Wireless Range Extender:

       What You Need:

  • A Tenda N300 wireless range extender
  • Your main Wi-Fi network name (SSID) and password
  • A smartphone, tablet, or laptop with Wi-Fi

    Setup Method 1: WPS Button (Fastest)

Use this if your router has a WPS button.

  1. Plug the Tenda N300 into a power outlet near your main router
  2. Wait for the Power LED to turn solid
  3. Press the WPS button on your router (usually for 2–3 seconds)
  4. Within 2 minutes, press the WPS button on the Tenda extender
  5. The Signal LED on the extender will blink and then become solid, indicating a successful connection
  6. Once connected, you can move the extender midway between your router and weak signal area.

    Setup Method 2: Web Interface (Manual Setup)

Step 1: Connect to the Extender

  • Plug in the extender near your router
  • On your phone or laptop, connect to the Wi-Fi named something like:
    Tenda_EXT or Tenda_XXXX

Step 2: Access Setup Page

Step 3: Start the Setup Wizard

  • It will automatically scan for nearby Wi-Fi networks.
  • Select your main Wi-Fi from the list.
  • Enter your Wi-Fi password when prompted.

Step 4: Set Extended Network Name

  • Choose whether to keep the same SSID (recommended for seamless roaming)
    or create a new one like YourNetwork_EXT.

Step 5: Finish Setup

  • Save/apply the settings
  • The extender will reboot and connect to your main Wi-Fi
  • Move it to a location where the signal LED is green or yellow (not red — that’s too far).

      Tips:

  • Place the extender midway between your router and the dead zone
  • Avoid placing it behind thick walls or metal objects
  • If you lose connection, reset the extender using the reset hole (press with a pin for 10 seconds).
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Motive pentru care routerul poate pierde toate setările

A avea routerul configurat corect înseamnă că îl vei avea protejat cu o parolă bună, ai schimbat numele rețelei și chiar ai configurat prioritizarea traficului. Cu toate acestea, se poate întâmpla ca toate acestea să dispară. De ce routerul tău ar putea pierde toate setările? Practic, este ca și cum s-ar întoarce la setările din fabrică.

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