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The syntax for the SSH command is as follows:

ssh [options] [user@]hostname [command]

Here is a brief explanation of each part of the syntax:

• ssh – This is the command to initiate the SSH connection.
• [options] – This is an optional parameter that allows you to specify additional options to configure the SSH connection. For example, you can use the -p option to specify a non-standard SSH port.
• [user@]hostname – This is the remote host that you want to connect to. You can optionally specify a username to use for the SSH connection. If you omit the username, the default username for your current session will be used.
• [command] – This is an optional parameter that allows you to specify a command to run on the remote host after the SSH connection is established. If you omit this parameter, you will be dropped into an interactive shell on the remote host.

Here is an example of how to use the SSH command to connect to a remote host:

ssh username@example.com

This will initiate an SSH connection to the host example.com using the username username.

If you have already set up SSH keys, you will be logged in without being prompted for a password. If not, you will be prompted to enter your password.

Verify SSH server status

Ensure that the SSH server is running and accessible on the host you are trying to connect to. Log in to the host using an alternative method like remote desktop or console access, and check the SSH server’s status with the following command:

systemctl status ssh

If the SSH server is not running, start it using the appropriate command for your system. For example:

systemctl start ssh

Confirm SSH server port

By default, SSH servers listen on port 22. However, it’s possible that the SSH server on the host you’re trying to connect to is configured to use a different port.

• To check which port the SSH server is using, you can follow these steps:
• Log in to the server where the SSH server is running. You can use an alternative method like remote desktop or console access if you cannot establish an SSH connection.
• Once you’re logged in to the server, open a terminal or command prompt.
• Run the following command to view the SSH server’s configuration file:

sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

This command opens the SSH server configuration file in the Nano text editor. Look for the line that specifies the port number. It typically looks like this:

Port 22

• If the port number is set to the default value of 22, it means the SSH server is using the default port. If a different port number is specified, take note of that number.
• After noting the port number, press Ctrl+X to exit the Nano editor. You will be prompted to save the changes made to the file. If you did not make any changes, simply press N to exit without saving.
• Remember, if the SSH server is using a non-standard port, you will need to specify that port when connecting to the server using SSH. For example:

ssh -p <port_number> <username>@<host>

If you do not have access to the server’s configuration file, you can also try checking the SSH server’s status and listening ports by running the following command:

sudo netstat -tuln | grep ssh

This command will display the active TCP/UDP connections and listening ports on the server. Look for the line that includes “ssh” to find the port number being used by the SSH server.

Verify network connectivity

Verifying network connectivity is an important step when troubleshooting the “ssh: connect to host <host> port 22: Connection refused” error. It helps determine if there are any network-related issues that might be preventing your SSH client from reaching the SSH server.

The ping command is a common tool used to test network connectivity between two devices. When you execute the ping <host> command, your computer sends a small network packet to the specified host, and if the host is reachable and responsive, it sends a reply back.

If the ping command returns a response from the host, it indicates that the network connection is working fine. In this case, the “ssh: connect to host <host> port 22: Connection refused” error is likely due to a different issue, such as the SSH server not running or a firewall blocking the SSH connection.

However, if the ping command fails to receive a response or shows that the host is unreachable, it suggests a network connectivity problem.

This could be caused by various factors, such as network configuration issues, routing problems, network outages, or firewall restrictions. To resolve the issue, you may need to troubleshoot the network components, check network settings, contact your network administrator, or consult with an IT professional.

Firewall blocking the connection

• When encountering the “ssh: connect to host <host> port 22: Connection refused” error, one possible cause is a firewall blocking the SSH connection.
• Firewalls are security measures that monitor and control network traffic, and they can be set up at different points within a network, including the SSH server or any intermediate network devices.
• Firewalls often enforce rules that determine which network connections are allowed or blocked.
• Determine if the firewall is on the SSH server itself or if it is located on an intermediate network device, such as a router or a dedicated firewall appliance.
• If the firewall is located on an intermediate network device, such as a router, you need to configure it to permit SSH traffic to reach the SSH server. Again, consult the documentation or seek assistance from the network administrator to adjust the firewall rules accordingly.

As a troubleshooting step, you can temporarily disable the firewall(s) to determine if they are indeed the cause of the connection issue. This should only be done for testing purposes and should not be a permanent solution. Always exercise caution when making changes to firewall configurations.

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