Stații de lucru

OS - Windows 8467 Solutii

Reguli si plangeri 8 Solutii

OS - OS X 407 Solutii

Reguli de configurare 11 Solutii

Licentiere 18 Solutii

Securitate 177 Solutii

Copie de rezerva (Backup) 68 Solutii

Antivirus 71 Solutii

Aplicatii specifice 4763 Solutii

Hardware 288 Solutii

How to format a drive on Windows

Open Disk Management:

    • Right-click the Start button and select Disk Management or press Windows + X and choose Disk Management.

Select the Drive to Format:

    • In the Disk Management window, locate the drive you want to format (it will be listed as a volume, like “Disk 1”, “Disk 2”, etc.)
    • Right-click on the drive and select Format.

Choose Formatting Options:

    • You’ll be prompted to select the following options:
      • Volume Label: Name the drive (optional)
      • File System: Choose the file system (typically NTFS for Windows drives)
      • Allocation Unit Size: You can usually leave this at the default setting
      • Quick Format: Check this option to format the drive more quickly (recommended for most cases).

Start the Format:

    • After adjusting your options, click OK and confirm that you want to format the drive. The process will begin, and the drive will be wiped clean and formatted with the selected file system.

Finish:

    • Once the formatting process is complete, the drive will be ready for use.
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RDNA 4 versus RDNA 3

RDNA 4 is AMD’s newest GPU architecture, driving the Radeon RX 9070 and 9070 XT with major improvements in AI and ray tracing. It delivers twice the AI performance, features 3rd Gen Raytracing Accelerators, and optimizes memory and shader handling. Additionally, it enhances video quality and supports high-resolution displays, offering a significant leap over RDNA 3.

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Cum gasim toate marcajele web de pe statia noastra

WebBrowserBookmarksView este un instrument simplu pentru Windows care afisează detaliile tuturor marcajelor stocate în browserele web Chrome, Edge si Firefox. Pentru fiecare marcaj, sunt afișate urmatoarele informatii: Titlu, URL, Numele folderului, Calea folderului, Pozitie, Ora creata, Ora modificat (numai Firefox), ID, Ghid, Browser web și Fișier de marcaje.
WebBrowserBookmarksView ne permite să incarcam lista de marcaje din sistemul nostru curent care rulează (utilizator conectat curent sau toate profilurile de utilizator). De asemenea, putem exporta lista de marcaje in fisierul csv/tab-delimited/html/xml, sa copiem marcajele în clipboard si apoi sa le lipim in Excel sau in alta aplicatie.

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PCIe Lane Distribution

No matter what the socket or chipset or processor, PCIe slots meant for graphics cards are always given their own PCI Express lanes. In the older northbridge/southbridge chipset setup, PCI Express lanes meant for the graphics card always went through northbridge, which is the faster chipset. Normally northbridge gave 16 lanes in a x16, x8/x8, x8/x4/x4, or x4/x4/x4/x4 configuration. Higher end chipsets and processors will have more lanes. To summarize in a list:

  • Intel’s LGA115x processors
    • 16 lanes configurable in x16, x8/x8, or x8/x4/x4
  • Intel’s HEDT processors
    • Up to 40 lanes. Intel officially says this can either be a x16/x16/x8 or x8/x8/x8/x8/x8 configuration. Lower end processors will only have 28 lanes, which can only be x16 or up to x8/x8/x8.
  • AMD AM3+ and AM4 processors (FX and Ryzen)
    • 16 lanes configurable in x16, x8/x8, or x8/x4/x4
    • AMD claims that Ryzen processors have 24 PCIe lanes, but 4 lanes are dedicated to the chipset and 4 are for general purpose use. The general purpose use ones tend to be allocated for NVMe storage, but it really depends on the motherboard manufacturer.
  • AMD APUs
    • 4 or 8 lanes are provided for a single GPU configuration
    • Zen based APUs have 4 general purpose lanes
  • AMD Threadripper
    • Up to 60 PCIe lanes. AMD claims there are 64 total, but 4 lanes are dedicated to the chipset. However in some configurations, you may be limited down to 48 PCIe lanes for graphics if you are using NVMe storage.

The chipset provides additional PCI Express lanes for other use

  • Any time you see a smaller PCIe slot, like an x1 or x2 slot, they will route to the chipset. So if you see a motherboard with something like “8 PCIe lanes” or “20 PCIe lanes”, it’s coming from the chipset, not the CPU.
  • Peripherals all go through the chipset/southbridge’s PCIe lanes, not the processors/northbridge’s
  • Things like USB ports, SATA, Ethernet, etc. all go through the PCIe lanes that the chipset provides, if the chipset doesn’t provide the feature natively.
  • Pay attention to what NVMe does to your system
  • NVMe requires PCIe lanes; where it gets them from depends on the platform you go with.
  • Intel’s mainstream boards (LGA115x)
    • These take lanes from the chipset. This may disable other I/O like a PCIe slot or a couple of SATA ports
  • Intel’s HEDT boards (LGA 20xx)
    • These primarily take lanes from the CPU
  • AMD prior to AM4
    • These take lanes from the Southbridge
  • AMD mainstream boards (AM4)
    • All processors have 4 lanes dedicated for general use. This tends to be wired for NVMe storage, but it depends on the motherboard. If there is more than one M.2 slot for NVMe use, the other ones will use lanes from the chipset similar to Intel’s mainstream boards.
  • AMD HEDT
    • These primarily take lanes from the CPU.
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How to scan for open ports (security reasons) on Windows 11

Step 1: Open CMD or Command Prompt

  • Press Win + R from your keyboard > Type cmd > Click on the Enter button
cmd_1
Open CMD

Step 2: Implement the “netstat” Command

An effective tool for keeping an eye on open ports within the system and configured network connections is the netstat command to simplify. It offers comprehensive details on all open connections and system servers, such as the protocol in use, and local and international addresses to control or verify all the connection’s status.

  • Type the below command in the cmd to check the open port functions > Press Enter
netstat -an | find "LISTEN"
cmd_2
netstat
  • See the output below
TCP    0.0.0.0:135        0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
TCP    0.0.0.0:445       0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
TCP    0.0.0.0:902       0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
cmd_3
netstat list

In this case, 0.0.0.0 designates that all pre-processed network interfaces are listening on the port, which is open for the internal system server. The port number is the number that comes after the colon of the system commands (e.g., 135, 445, 3389).

Step 3: Observe the functional Process using the Port

  • Write the following command to identify which application or process is using a specific port within the system.
netstat -ano | find "LISTEN"
cmd_4
LISTEN

An extra -o flag is included with this command while processed, which shows the Process ID (PID) connected to each port manually.

  • See the output within a PID column
TCP    0.0.0.0:135        0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING      1160
TCP    0.0.0.0:445       0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING      4
  • Search and Open Task Manager > Go to Details option > See the PID column
cmd_5
LISTEN LIst

Step 4: Check Specific Port in cmd

  • You can change the implemented command to focus on a particular port if you want to see if it’s open or not within the system configuration. For instance, use this to see if port 60 is open to identify the process:
netstat -an | find ":60"
  • See the final entry below –
cmd_6
find entry
TCP    0.0.0.0:40         0.0.0.0:0        LISTENING
cmd_7
find ports
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How to make your own loopback adapter for testing your switch ports

First things first you’ll need to gather the following equipment:

  • A small length of ethernet cable. Less than one foot is preferred.
  • One RJ45 connector. We recommend using one with load bars. These load bars will make the terminating process extremely easy.
  • A crimp tool, a stripping tool, and a pair of precision cutters.
  • A switch for testing.

Step one: Strip the cable

To build this loopback adapter we’re going to need to use the conductors that are inside ethernet cabling. Accessing the conductors is a simple process. Simply strip away part of the jacket. This can be an inch or two at the end of the cable or right in the middle. Once the incision is made pull away the jacket and then pull out all the conductors.

You’ll be left with 4 pairs of wires. These are the conductors that make up all patch cables. Set aside three of the pairs. Keep one pair ready for termination. We’ll be using the white & orange pair.

Step Two: Line up the conductors

A standard ethernet connection uses 4 pins to complete the connection. Pins 1 & 2 are used for sending while pins 3 & 6 are used for receiving. To set up this loopback adapter we’ll have to connect pins 1 & 3 and then 2 & 6. Trim the wires down to around 6 inches. Untwist both ends of the pairs a little bit to allow the wires to be lined up. Set the first white conductor and the first orange conductor next to each other. Then add the second white conductor next. Lastly comes the second orange conductor. You’ll have to leave enough space between this conductor and the second white conductor.

Step Three: Termination time

Now it’s time to insert these conductors into the load bar and terminate the connector. Keeping the wires lined up, slowly insert them into the load bar. Making sure the wires stay in the correct order may be slightly difficult. Once they are in the correct position push the load bar down onto the wires as far as it can go. Trim any excess wire. Insert the load bar into the connector. Use your crimp tool to crimp the RJ45 connector.

Step Four: Testing

Let’s test this thing out. Grab your switch and plug in your new loopback adapter into one of the ports. The connectivity light on the corresponding port should light up indicating a proper connection. If it does not light up check your pinout and make sure the wires are in the correct position.

It should look like this after you did every steps presented above:

Building your own loopback adapters can end up being more expensive than just buying one outright if you don’t have the equipment on hand already.

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